Which of the following is a recognized risk factor for osteoporosis?

Smoking is a recognized risk factor for osteoporosis because it negatively affects bone health in several ways. It can lead to decreased estrogen levels in women, which is crucial for maintaining bone density. Additionally, smoking has been shown to inhibit the absorption of calcium and other essential nutrients that support bone structure. Furthermore, smokers tend to have lower bone mineral density compared to non-smokers, making them more susceptible to fractures and osteoporosis as they age.

In contrast, a high-calcium diet contributes positively to bone strength, while regular exercise generally promotes bone health by stimulating bone formation and increasing bone density. Low alcohol intake is also beneficial; excessive alcohol consumption is linked to an increased risk of osteoporosis. Therefore, smoking stands out as a significant risk factor that adversely impacts the likelihood of developing osteoporosis.